Performing Hajj or Umrah is a deeply spiritual journey. Yet, even with the best intentions, pilgrims may unintentionally violate certain rules of Ihram or miss important obligations (Wajibat). In such cases, Islam prescribes three main forms of expiation:
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Damm (Qurbani) — Animal Sacrifice
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Badanah — Sacrifice of a Camel or a Cow
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Sadaqa/Fidyah (Feeding the Poor)
Below is a concise overview, including important points emphasized by Quran and Sunnah on the location requirements for offering these expiations.
Damm (Qurbani)
Definition:
The term Damm literally means “blood” and refers to the sacrifice of an animal (e.g., goat, sheep, cow, or camel).
Why It Is Required:
Damm serves as a penalty for specific Ihram violations such as using perfume, trimming or shaving one’s head without a valid excuse, or omitting certain Wajibat of Hajj or Umrah.
Mandatory Location:
As highlighted by Imām Husām al-Dīn Sughnāqī (d.714 AH) in his commentary on the renowned Hidayah, the expiatory sacrifice (Damm) must be carried out within the sacred precincts of the Haram in Makkah al-Mukarramah.
By consensus, this stipulation is crucial because the shedding of blood in worship is only valid at specific times or places. For example, Udhiyyah (the Eid al-Adha sacrifice) is tied to the days of sacrifice (ayām an-naḥr), while expiatory offerings for Ihram violations must take place within the Haram.
In the case of Damm, time is not restricted, but place is—hence performing it within the boundaries of Makkah ensures the act attains the proper status as a religious offering and serves as valid expiation.
Badanah
Definition:
“Badanah” typically refers to the expiatory sacrifice of a camel (or, in some cases, a cow), and is regarded as a more substantial form of sacrifice than the basic Damm of a goat or sheep.
When It Is Required:
Badanah is often prescribed for more serious Ihram violations or if the specific rulings indicate a larger animal is necessary to expiate certain major mistakes.
Location Requirement:
Just like Damm, the Badanah sacrifice must also be carried out within the Haram boundaries. This is to ensure that the atonement has the same religious validity and recognition in the sacred precincts of Makkah.
Spiritual Significance:
Badanah not only atones for significant breaches but also emphasizes the seriousness of preserving the sanctity of Ihram. By sacrificing a larger animal, one is reminded of the gravity of the mistakes and the importance of observing proper etiquette during Hajj or Umrah.
Sadaqa/Fidyah (Feeding the Poor)
Definition:
Sadaqa/Fidyah involves feeding the underprivileged as expiation for minor violations or oversights.
When It Applies:
Common scenarios include temporarily covering one’s head during Ihram, removing a few hairs out of necessity, or minor lapses that do not warrant an animal sacrifice.
Who Benefits:
Sadaqa/Fidyah must be given to those who are truly in need, thus helping one fulfill the principle of compassion in Islam.
Importance of Knowledge and Sincerity
Learning Beforehand:
One of the best ways to avoid incurring Damm, Badanah, or Sadaqa/Fidyah is to study the rules and regulations of Hajj and Umrah thoroughly. This includes understanding both the Fard and Wajib components, as well as the prohibitions of Ihram.
True Repentance:
When a mistake occurs, consult with knowledgeable scholars to determine the correct form of expiation. Whether through an animal sacrifice or feeding the poor, sincerity of intention (ikhlas) remains paramount.
Consulting a Scholar or Mufti
Because each mistake in Hajj or Umrah has its own specific ruling and form of atonement, it is essential to consult a knowledgeable scholar or mufti if you are unsure. They can provide individualized guidance, ensuring that you fulfill the correct form of expiation—whether it is Damm, Badanah, or Sadaqa/Fidyah—and help you properly adhere to the sacred guidelines.